Flavor ingredient regulatory record
1-Pyrroline
1-Pyrroline is a pyrazine in the fruity family, FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 3898 (CAS 5724-81-2).
- FEMA
- 3898
- CAS
- 5724-81-2
- JECFA
- 1603
- EU FL
- 14.167
- Formula
- C4H7N
- EC
- 227-230-6
GRAS status: FEMA GRAS, publication 18. Recorded by FDA in the Substances Added to Food inventory under CAS 5724-81-2.
Structure
Identity
Also known as: 2H-Pyrrole, 3,4-dihydro-, 2H-Pyrrolenine, 3,4-dihydro-, 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyrrole, Isopyrroline, Δ1-Pyrroline, 3,4-dihydro-2h-pyrrole, 2h-pyrrole, 3,4-dihydro-, delta(1)-pyrroline, isopyrroline, delta-pyrrolinium, .delta.1-pyrroline, 1-pyrroline [fhfi].
Can 1-Pyrroline be labeled natural?
Since 1-Pyrroline is found in nature, US labeling follows how it was obtained: natural flavor from a natural source and a natural process, artificial when 1-Pyrroline is synthesized. The EU and UK follow the same logic without a middle class; Mercosur and Mexico label synthetic 1-Pyrroline identical-to-natural.
- United States
- Natural or artificial, by process
- European Union and UK
- Natural only from natural material
- Mercosur and Mexico
- Natural or identical-to-natural
How each market defines the classes: natural vs artificial flavor under 21 CFR 101.22.
Regulatory status, with citations
United States
1-Pyrroline is FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 3898. It is cited in the Code of Federal Regulations at 21 CFR 172.515.
European Union and United Kingdom
Listed on the Union List of flavouring substances as FL 14.167, Annex I Part A under Regulation (EC) 1334/2008, evaluation status approved (EFSA). The UK retains the same list.
JECFA (WHO / FAO)
JECFA number 1603, evaluated at the 69th meeting in 2008. No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
Other US flags
Not on the California Proposition 65 list.
Odor and taste
Taste: Savory, umami, nutty.
Where it is used
1-Pyrroline is used in snacks, seasonings, savory dishes and meat products, typically as a fruity note.
Structurally similar flavor ingredients
Flavor ingredients with a GRAS determination closest to 1-Pyrroline by structure. Whether one can replace it is a sensory and regulatory call; the reformulation tool works that through.
| Material | FEMA | Similarity | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pyrrolidine | 3523 | 90% | In nature |
| 4,5-Dihydro-3(2H) thiophenone | 3266 | 81% | In nature |
| 4-Hydroxybutyric acid lactone | 3291 | 78% | In nature |
| 4-Methyl-3-thiazoline | 4644 | 78% | In nature |
| 2-Pyridine | 2966 | 66% | In nature |
More pyrazines in this index
2-Methoxy-3-(1-methylpropyl)pyrazine · 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline · 2-Ethoxy-3-isopropylpyrazine · 6,7-Dihydro-2,3-dimethyl-5H-cyclopentapyrazine · 2-Ethoxy-3-ethylpyrazine · 2-Ethoxy-3-methylpyrazine
1-Pyrroline FAQ
Does 1-Pyrroline have FEMA GRAS status?
1-Pyrroline holds FEMA GRAS status under FEMA number 3898. It is also codified at 21 CFR 172.515.
How do I cite 1-Pyrroline by FEMA or CAS number?
Cite 1-Pyrroline as FEMA 3898 or CAS 5724-81-2; both point to the same entry. FEMA files it in the fruity flavor category.
Can 1-Pyrroline be labeled a natural flavor?
1-Pyrroline occurs in nature, so the label depends on the route: 1-Pyrroline won from a natural source by a physical, enzymatic or microbiological process is natural flavor in the United States, and synthesized 1-Pyrroline is artificial. The EU and UK grant the natural claim only to that natural route; Mercosur and Mexico call synthetic material identical-to-natural.
Can 1-Pyrroline be used in the EU and UK?
1-Pyrroline is on the EU Union List of flavouring substances as FL 14.167 (Annex I Part A) under Regulation 1334/2008.
Has JECFA evaluated 1-Pyrroline?
Yes. JECFA number 1603, evaluated at the 69th meeting in 2008. Conclusion: No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
Ingredient lookup
Check an ingredient
Start typing to search the ingredient corpus.
Or browse every ingredient page, A to Z.
Guides: What Is FEMA GRAS? · Natural vs artificial · Filing a GRAS notification
Check 1-Pyrroline in a formula
Screened against FEMA GRAS, 21 CFR and EU rules as you build. Free to start.
Sources and attribution. The identity and regulatory facts on this page are taken from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, a US government record, which lists this substance as 1-PYRROLINE under CAS 5724-81-2 and carries its FEMA number, its JECFA flavor number. The inventory is searchable at FDA. FDA records its technical effect as flavoring agent or adjuvant.
A FEMA GRAS conclusion is reached by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States, and the FEMA number names that conclusion. FEMA publishes its own entry for this substance in the FEMA Flavor Library, which is the authoritative record of what the Panel decided and is worth reading alongside this page.
Ambrose Compliance is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by FEMA. FEMA and FEMA GRAS are used here as identifiers for a published regulatory determination, not as marks of any relationship between FEMA and Ambrose.
About this page. Facts come from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, the Code of Federal Regulations, the EPA TSCA Inventory, the EU Union List, JECFA and the Ambrose database, with FEMA's published determination cited where it applies; parts of the text are written by Ambrose AI, which can make mistakes. Check the cited source before relying on anything here. This is not regulatory or legal advice.