Flavor ingredient regulatory record
2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine
2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine is an alkaloid in the fruity family, FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 3751 (CAS 2110-18-1). Its odor is floral, spicy, sweet, earthy, aromatic.
- FEMA
- 3751
- CAS
- 2110-18-1
- JECFA
- 1321
- EU FL
- 14.072
- Formula
- C14H15N
- EC
- 218-300-7
GRAS status: FEMA GRAS, publication 14. Recorded by FDA in the Substances Added to Food inventory under CAS 2110-18-1.
Structure
Identity
Also known as: Pyridine, 2-(3-phenylpropyl)-, pyridine, 2-(3-phenylpropyl)-, cortex pyridine, alpha-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine, .alpha.-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine, 2-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine [fhfi], phenylpropylpyridine, 3-phenylpropyl pyridine, 2-(3-phenylpropyl)-pyridine, tox21_301773, 2-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine, >=97%, ncgc00255724-01.
Can 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine be labeled natural?
The process decides for 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine. It occurs in nature, so a natural-source, natural-process material is natural flavor in the US and synthetic 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine is artificial. In the EU and UK the natural claim likewise needs the natural route, while Mercosur and Mexico keep a third class, identical-to-natural, for the synthetic material.
- United States
- Natural or artificial, by process
- European Union and UK
- Natural only from natural material
- Mercosur and Mexico
- Natural or identical-to-natural
How each market defines the classes: natural vs artificial flavor under 21 CFR 101.22.
Regulatory status, with citations
United States
2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine is FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 3751. It is cited in the Code of Federal Regulations at 21 CFR 172.515.
European Union and United Kingdom
Listed on the Union List of flavouring substances as FL 14.072, Annex I Part A under Regulation (EC) 1334/2008, evaluation status approved (EFSA). The UK retains the same list.
JECFA (WHO / FAO)
JECFA number 1321, evaluated at the 63rd meeting in 2004. No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
Other US flags
Not on the California Proposition 65 list.
TSCA Inventory status
A flavor ingredient is also an industrial chemical. 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine appears on the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory under CAS 2110-18-1, where EPA names it Pyridine, 2-(3-phenylpropyl)-.
Active in US commerce
EPA designates this substance active, so no Notice of Activity Form B is required before manufacturing. What active and inactive mean.
EPA publishes no regulatory flags on this listing. What the flags mean.
From the EPA non-confidential TSCA Inventory, July 2026 release. EPA also maintains a confidential portion it does not publish. Search the Inventory by CAS number.
Odor and taste
Odor: Floral, spicy, sweet, earthy, aromatic.
Taste: Bitter, slightly sweet, complex.
Where it is used
2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine is used in beverage, confection, flavoring and snacks, typically as a fruity note.
Structurally similar flavor ingredients
Flavor ingredients with a GRAS determination closest to 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine by structure. Whether one can replace it is a sensory and regulatory call; the reformulation tool works that through.
| Material | FEMA | Similarity | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phenethyl cinnamate | 2863 | 68% | In nature |
| 4-Methyl-1,1'-biphenyl | 3186 | 68% | In nature |
| Phenethyl phenylacetate | 2866 | 68% | In nature |
| Benzyl benzoate | 2138 | 68% | In nature |
| 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)propan-1-one | 4721 | 68% | Not determined |
More alkaloids in this index
Quinine hydrochloride · Piperine · Theobromine · Quinine bisulfate · Quinine sulfate · Caffeine
2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine FAQ
Does 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine have FEMA GRAS status?
2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine holds FEMA GRAS status under FEMA number 3751. The Code of Federal Regulations lists it at 21 CFR 172.515.
How do I cite 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine by FEMA or CAS number?
Cite 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine as FEMA 3751 or CAS 2110-18-1; both point to the same entry. Its flavor category is fruity.
What does 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine smell and taste like, and where is it used?
The odor of 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine is floral, spicy, sweet, earthy, aromatic. On the palate it is bitter, slightly sweet, complex. Typical uses are beverage, confection, flavoring and snacks.
What did JECFA conclude about 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine?
JECFA evaluated 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine at the 63rd meeting in 2004 under JECFA number 1321. The panel concluded: No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
Can 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine be used in the EU and UK?
Yes. FL 14.072 is the Union List entry for 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine, annex I Part A, under Regulation 1334/2008, and the UK keeps the same list.
Can 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine be labeled a natural flavor?
Nature makes 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine, which is why the US label turns on process. A natural route gives natural flavor; synthesis gives artificial 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine, same molecule. The EU and UK follow the same logic without a middle class; Mercosur and Mexico label synthetic 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine identical-to-natural.
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Sources and attribution. The identity and regulatory facts on this page are taken from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, a US government record, which lists this substance as 2-(3-PHENYLPROPYL)PYRIDINE under CAS 2110-18-1 and carries its FEMA number, its JECFA flavor number. The inventory is searchable at FDA. FDA records its technical effect as flavoring agent or adjuvant.
A FEMA GRAS conclusion is reached by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States, and the FEMA number names that conclusion. FEMA publishes its own entry for this substance in the FEMA Flavor Library, which is the authoritative record of what the Panel decided and is worth reading alongside this page.
Ambrose Compliance is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by FEMA. FEMA and FEMA GRAS are used here as identifiers for a published regulatory determination, not as marks of any relationship between FEMA and Ambrose.
About this page. Facts come from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, the Code of Federal Regulations, the EPA TSCA Inventory, the EU Union List, JECFA and the Ambrose database, with FEMA's published determination cited where it applies; parts of the text are written by Ambrose AI, which can make mistakes. Check the cited source before relying on anything here. This is not regulatory or legal advice.