Flavor ingredient regulatory record
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is a pyrazine in the nutty family, FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 3272 (CAS 123-32-0). Its odor is nutty, chocolate, roasted, cocoa.
- FEMA
- 3272
- CAS
- 123-32-0
- JECFA
- 766
- EU FL
- 14.020
- Formula
- C6H8N2
- EC
- 204-618-3
GRAS status: FEMA GRAS, publication 5. Recorded by FDA in the Substances Added to Food inventory under CAS 123-32-0.
Structure
Identity
Also known as: Pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-, NSC 49139, pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-diazine, ketine, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpiazine, 2,5-dimethylparadiazine, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, pyrazine,2,5-dimethyl, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (natural), ai3-60303.
Can 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine be labeled natural?
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine occurs in nature, so the label depends on the route: 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine won from a natural source by a physical, enzymatic or microbiological process is natural flavor in the United States, and synthesized 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is artificial. The EU and UK follow the same logic without a middle class; Mercosur and Mexico label synthetic 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine identical-to-natural.
- United States
- Natural or artificial, by process
- European Union and UK
- Natural only from natural material
- Mercosur and Mexico
- Natural or identical-to-natural
How each market defines the classes: natural vs artificial flavor under 21 CFR 101.22.
Regulatory status, with citations
United States
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 3272. It is cited in the Code of Federal Regulations at 21 CFR 172.515.
European Union and United Kingdom
Listed on the Union List of flavouring substances as FL 14.020, Annex I Part A under Regulation (EC) 1334/2008, evaluation status approved (EFSA). The UK retains the same list.
JECFA (WHO / FAO)
JECFA number 766, evaluated at the 57th meeting in 2001. No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
Other US flags
Not on the California Proposition 65 list.
TSCA Inventory status
A flavor ingredient is also an industrial chemical. 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine appears on the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory under CAS 123-32-0, where EPA names it Pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-.
Active in US commerce
EPA designates this substance active, so no Notice of Activity Form B is required before manufacturing. What active and inactive mean.
EPA publishes no regulatory flags on this listing. What the flags mean.
From the EPA non-confidential TSCA Inventory, July 2026 release. EPA also maintains a confidential portion it does not publish. Search the Inventory by CAS number.
Odor and taste
Odor: Nutty, chocolate, roasted, cocoa. Detectable at about 80 ppm.
Taste: Nutty, chocolate, roasted.
Where it is used
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is used in chocolate, cocoa, nut and coffee, typically as a nutty note.
Structurally similar flavor ingredients
Flavor ingredients with a GRAS determination closest to 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine by structure. Whether one can replace it is a sensory and regulatory call; the reformulation tool works that through.
| Material | FEMA | Similarity | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-Acetylpyrazine | 3126 | 72% | In nature |
| 2-Ethylpyrazine | 3281 | 69% | In nature |
| Methoxypyrazine | 3302 | 69% | In nature |
| 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine | 3271 | 68% | In nature |
More pyrazines in this index
2-Ethylpyrazine · 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine · 2-Acetyl-3-methylpyrazine · 2,5-Diethyl-3-methylpyrazine · Pyrazine · 2-Acetyl-3-ethylpyrazine
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine FAQ
Is 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine on the FEMA GRAS list?
It is. FEMA number 3272 covers 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine. It is also codified at 21 CFR 172.515.
What is the FEMA number for 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine?
The FEMA number for 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is 3272 and its CAS registry number is 123-32-0. FEMA files it in the nutty flavor category.
Is 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine natural or artificial?
Since 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is found in nature, US labeling follows how it was obtained: natural flavor from a natural source and a natural process, artificial when 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is synthesized. The EU and UK follow the same logic without a middle class; Mercosur and Mexico label synthetic 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine identical-to-natural.
Is 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine approved in the EU?
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is on the EU Union List of flavouring substances as FL 14.020 (Annex I Part A) under Regulation 1334/2008.
Has JECFA evaluated 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine?
Yes. JECFA number 766, evaluated at the 57th meeting in 2001. Conclusion: No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
What is 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine used for?
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is described as nutty, chocolate, roasted, cocoa. On the palate it is nutty, chocolate, roasted. Its odor threshold is about 80 ppm. It shows up in chocolate, cocoa, nut and coffee.
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Sources and attribution. The identity and regulatory facts on this page are taken from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, a US government record, which lists this substance as 2,5-DIMETHYLPYRAZINE under CAS 123-32-0 and carries its FEMA number, its JECFA flavor number. The inventory is searchable at FDA. FDA records its technical effect as flavoring agent or adjuvant.
A FEMA GRAS conclusion is reached by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States, and the FEMA number names that conclusion. FEMA publishes its own entry for this substance in the FEMA Flavor Library, which is the authoritative record of what the Panel decided and is worth reading alongside this page.
Ambrose Compliance is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by FEMA. FEMA and FEMA GRAS are used here as identifiers for a published regulatory determination, not as marks of any relationship between FEMA and Ambrose.
About this page. Facts come from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, the Code of Federal Regulations, the EPA TSCA Inventory, the EU Union List, JECFA and the Ambrose database, with FEMA's published determination cited where it applies; parts of the text are written by Ambrose AI, which can make mistakes. Check the cited source before relying on anything here. This is not regulatory or legal advice.