Flavor ingredient regulatory record
Isovaleric acid
Isovaleric acid is an acid in the fruity family, FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 3102 (CAS 503-74-2). Its odor is cheesy, pungent, sweaty, fruity.
- FEMA
- 3102
- CAS
- 503-74-2
- JECFA
- 259
- EU FL
- 08.008
- Formula
- C5H10O2
- EC
- 207-975-3
GRAS status: FEMA GRAS, publication 3. Recorded by FDA in the Substances Added to Food inventory under CAS 503-74-2.
Structure
Identity
Also known as: Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, 3-Methylbutanoic acid, Acetic acid, isopropyl-, Delphinic acid, Isopropylacetic acid, β-Methylbutyric acid, Isopentanoic acid, 3-Methylbutyric acid, 3-Methylbutyrate, 3-Methyl-n-butyric acid, Isovalerianic acid, NSC 62783.
Can Isovaleric acid be labeled natural?
Since isovaleric acid is found in nature, US labeling follows how it was obtained: natural flavor from a natural source and a natural process, artificial when isovaleric acid is synthesized. In the EU and UK the natural claim likewise needs the natural route, while Mercosur and Mexico keep a third class, identical-to-natural, for the synthetic material.
- United States
- Natural or artificial, by process
- European Union and UK
- Natural only from natural material
- Mercosur and Mexico
- Natural or identical-to-natural
How each market defines the classes: natural vs artificial flavor under 21 CFR 101.22.
Regulatory status, with citations
United States
Isovaleric acid is FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 3102. It is cited in the Code of Federal Regulations at 21 CFR 172.515.
European Union and United Kingdom
Listed on the Union List of flavouring substances as FL 08.008, Annex I Part A under Regulation (EC) 1334/2008, evaluation status approved (JECFA). The UK retains the same list.
JECFA (WHO / FAO)
JECFA number 259, evaluated at the 49th meeting in 1997. No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
Other US flags
Not on the California Proposition 65 list.
TSCA Inventory status
A flavor ingredient is also an industrial chemical. Isovaleric acid appears on the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory under CAS 503-74-2, where EPA names it Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-.
Active in US commerce
EPA designates this substance active, so no Notice of Activity Form B is required before manufacturing. What active and inactive mean.
EPA publishes no regulatory flags on this listing. What the flags mean.
From the EPA non-confidential TSCA Inventory, July 2026 release. EPA also maintains a confidential portion it does not publish. Search the Inventory by CAS number.
Odor and taste
Odor: Cheesy, pungent, sweaty, fruity.
Where it is used
Isovaleric acid is used in dairy, savory dishes and flavoring agents, typically as a fruity note.
Structurally similar flavor ingredients
Flavor ingredients with a GRAS determination closest to Isovaleric acid by structure. Whether one can replace it is a sensory and regulatory call; the reformulation tool works that through.
| Material | FEMA | Similarity | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3-Methylcrotonic acid | 3187 | 96% | In nature |
| Butyric acid | 2221 | 93% | In nature |
| 4-Methyl-2-pentanone | 2731 | 84% | In nature |
| 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid | 3869 | 84% | In nature |
| 2-Ethylbutyric acid | 2429 | 81% | In nature |
More acids in this index
Hydroxy(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid · 5-Methylhexanoic acid · 3-Hexenoic acid · 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid · 5-Oxododecanoic acid · o-trans-Coumaric acid
Isovaleric acid FAQ
Is isovaleric acid FEMA GRAS?
Yes. The FEMA Expert Panel lists isovaleric acid as GRAS under FEMA number 3102. It is also codified at 21 CFR 172.515.
What are the FEMA and CAS numbers for isovaleric acid?
Isovaleric acid is FEMA 3102, CAS 503-74-2. FEMA files it in the fruity flavor category.
Does isovaleric acid count as natural in the US and the EU?
Isovaleric acid occurs in nature, so the label depends on the route: isovaleric acid won from a natural source by a physical, enzymatic or microbiological process is natural flavor in the United States, and synthesized isovaleric acid is artificial. The EU and UK follow the same logic without a middle class; Mercosur and Mexico label synthetic isovaleric acid identical-to-natural.
Is isovaleric acid on the EU Union List?
Isovaleric acid is on the EU Union List of flavouring substances as FL 08.008 (Annex I Part A) under Regulation 1334/2008.
Has JECFA evaluated isovaleric acid?
Yes. JECFA number 259, evaluated at the 49th meeting in 1997. Conclusion: No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
How is isovaleric acid described, and where does it show up?
Flavorists describe isovaleric acid as cheesy, pungent, sweaty, fruity. It is used in dairy, savory dishes and flavoring agents.
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Guides: What Is FEMA GRAS? · Natural vs artificial · Filing a GRAS notification
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Sources and attribution. The identity and regulatory facts on this page are taken from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, a US government record, which lists this substance as ISOVALERIC ACID under CAS 503-74-2 and carries its FEMA number, its JECFA flavor number and its 21 CFR citations. The inventory is searchable at FDA. FDA records its technical effect as flavoring agent or adjuvant.
A FEMA GRAS conclusion is reached by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States, and the FEMA number names that conclusion. FEMA publishes its own entry for this substance in the FEMA Flavor Library, which is the authoritative record of what the Panel decided and is worth reading alongside this page.
Ambrose Compliance is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by FEMA. FEMA and FEMA GRAS are used here as identifiers for a published regulatory determination, not as marks of any relationship between FEMA and Ambrose.
About this page. Facts come from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, the Code of Federal Regulations, the EPA TSCA Inventory, the EU Union List, JECFA and the Ambrose database, with FEMA's published determination cited where it applies; parts of the text are written by Ambrose AI, which can make mistakes. Check the cited source before relying on anything here. This is not regulatory or legal advice.