Flavor ingredient regulatory record
Phenethyl isovalerate
Phenethyl isovalerate is an ester in the fruity family, FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 2871 (CAS 140-26-1). Its odor is sweet, fruity, floral, apple, berry.
- FEMA
- 2871
- CAS
- 140-26-1
- JECFA
- 994
- EU FL
- 09.466
- Formula
- C13H18O2
- EC
- 205-406-3
GRAS status: FEMA GRAS, publication 3. Recorded by FDA in the Substances Added to Food inventory under CAS 140-26-1.
Structure
Identity
Also known as: Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, 2-phenylethyl ester, Isovaleric acid, phenethyl ester, Phenylethyl isovalerate, Phenylethyl 3-methylbutyrate, β-Phenylethyl isovalerate, 2-Phenylethyl 3-methylbutanoate, 2-Phenylethyl isovalerate, 2-Phenylethyl 3-methylbutyrate, NSC 21899, Phenylethyl 3-methylbutanoate, phenylethyl isovalerate, butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, 2-phenylethyl ester.
Can Phenethyl isovalerate be labeled natural?
The process decides for phenethyl isovalerate. It occurs in nature, so a natural-source, natural-process material is natural flavor in the US and synthetic phenethyl isovalerate is artificial. The EU and UK grant the natural claim only to that natural route; Mercosur and Mexico call synthetic material identical-to-natural.
- United States
- Natural or artificial, by process
- European Union and UK
- Natural only from natural material
- Mercosur and Mexico
- Natural or identical-to-natural
How each market defines the classes: natural vs artificial flavor under 21 CFR 101.22.
Regulatory status, with citations
United States
Phenethyl isovalerate is FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 2871. It is cited in the Code of Federal Regulations at 21 CFR 172.515.
European Union and United Kingdom
Listed on the Union List of flavouring substances as FL 09.466, Annex I Part A under Regulation (EC) 1334/2008, evaluation status approved (EFSA). The UK retains the same list.
JECFA (WHO / FAO)
JECFA number 994, evaluated at the 59th meeting in 2002. No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
Other US flags
Not on the California Proposition 65 list.
TSCA Inventory status
A flavor ingredient is also an industrial chemical. Phenethyl isovalerate appears on the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory under CAS 140-26-1, where EPA names it Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, 2-phenylethyl ester.
Active in US commerce
EPA designates this substance active, so no Notice of Activity Form B is required before manufacturing. What active and inactive mean.
EPA publishes no regulatory flags on this listing. What the flags mean.
From the EPA non-confidential TSCA Inventory, July 2026 release. EPA also maintains a confidential portion it does not publish. Search the Inventory by CAS number.
Odor and taste
Odor: Sweet, fruity, floral, apple, berry.
Where it is used
Phenethyl isovalerate is used in beverage, confection, fruit flavors, bakery and dairy, typically as a fruity note.
Structurally similar flavor ingredients
Flavor ingredients with a GRAS determination closest to Phenethyl isovalerate by structure. Whether one can replace it is a sensory and regulatory call; the reformulation tool works that through.
| Material | FEMA | Similarity | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| alpha-Methylphenethyl butyrate | 3197 | 88% | In nature |
| Isoamyl phenylacetate | 2081 | 85% | In nature |
More esters in this index
Isoamyl 3-(2-furan)propionate · Propyleneglycol mono-2-methylbutyrate · Methyl N-methylanthranilate · cis-Hexenyl tiglate · Ethyl acrylate · Ethyl 3-phenyl-2,3-epoxypropionate
Phenethyl isovalerate FAQ
Is phenethyl isovalerate FEMA GRAS?
Yes. The FEMA Expert Panel lists phenethyl isovalerate as GRAS under FEMA number 2871. The Code of Federal Regulations lists it at 21 CFR 172.515.
What are the FEMA and CAS numbers for phenethyl isovalerate?
Phenethyl isovalerate is FEMA 2871, CAS 140-26-1. Its flavor category is fruity.
How is phenethyl isovalerate described, and where does it show up?
Flavorists describe phenethyl isovalerate as sweet, fruity, floral, apple, berry. It is used in beverage, confection, fruit flavors, bakery and dairy.
What did JECFA conclude about phenethyl isovalerate?
JECFA evaluated phenethyl isovalerate at the 59th meeting in 2002 under JECFA number 994. The panel concluded: No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
Is phenethyl isovalerate on the EU Union List?
Yes. FL 09.466 is the Union List entry for phenethyl isovalerate, annex I Part A, under Regulation 1334/2008, and the UK keeps the same list.
Does phenethyl isovalerate count as natural in the US and the EU?
Nature makes phenethyl isovalerate, which is why the US label turns on process. A natural route gives natural flavor; synthesis gives artificial phenethyl isovalerate, same molecule. In the EU and UK the natural claim likewise needs the natural route, while Mercosur and Mexico keep a third class, identical-to-natural, for the synthetic material.
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Sources and attribution. The identity and regulatory facts on this page are taken from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, a US government record, which lists this substance as PHENETHYL ISOVALERATE under CAS 140-26-1 and carries its FEMA number, its JECFA flavor number and its 21 CFR citations. The inventory is searchable at FDA. FDA records its technical effect as flavoring agent or adjuvant.
A FEMA GRAS conclusion is reached by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States, and the FEMA number names that conclusion. FEMA publishes its own entry for this substance in the FEMA Flavor Library, which is the authoritative record of what the Panel decided and is worth reading alongside this page.
Ambrose Compliance is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by FEMA. FEMA and FEMA GRAS are used here as identifiers for a published regulatory determination, not as marks of any relationship between FEMA and Ambrose.
About this page. Facts come from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, the Code of Federal Regulations, the EPA TSCA Inventory, the EU Union List, JECFA and the Ambrose database, with FEMA's published determination cited where it applies; parts of the text are written by Ambrose AI, which can make mistakes. Check the cited source before relying on anything here. This is not regulatory or legal advice.