Flavor ingredient regulatory record
(+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol
(+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol is an alcohol in the fruity family, FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 3998 (CAS 137-32-6). Its odor is sweet, fruity, banana, apple, floral.
- FEMA
- 3998
- CAS
- 137-32-6
- JECFA
- 1199
- EU FL
- 02.076
- Formula
- C5H12O
- EC
- 205-289-9
GRAS status: FEMA GRAS, publication 20. Recorded by FDA in the Substances Added to Food inventory under CAS 137-32-6.
Structure
Identity
Also known as: 1-Butanol, 2-methyl-, 2-Methyl-1-butanol, sec-Butylcarbinol, Primary active amyl alcohol, Active amyl alcohol, Active primary amyl alcohol, 2-Methyl-n-butanol, 2-Methylbutyl alcohol, (±)-2-Methyl-1-butanol, NSC 8431, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methylbutan-1-ol.
Can (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol be labeled natural?
Since (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol is found in nature, US labeling follows how it was obtained: natural flavor from a natural source and a natural process, artificial when (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol is synthesized. The EU and UK grant the natural claim only to that natural route; Mercosur and Mexico call synthetic material identical-to-natural.
- United States
- Natural or artificial, by process
- European Union and UK
- Natural only from natural material
- Mercosur and Mexico
- Natural or identical-to-natural
How each market defines the classes: natural vs artificial flavor under 21 CFR 101.22.
Regulatory status, with citations
United States
(+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol is FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 3998. It is cited in the Code of Federal Regulations at 21 CFR 172.515.
European Union and United Kingdom
Listed on the Union List of flavouring substances as FL 02.076, Annex I Part A under Regulation (EC) 1334/2008, evaluation status approved (EFSA). The UK retains the same list.
JECFA (WHO / FAO)
JECFA number 1199, evaluated at the 57th meeting in 2001. no safety concern at current levels of intake.
Other US flags
Not on the California Proposition 65 list. Listed on the EPA TSCA inventory.
TSCA Inventory status
A flavor ingredient is also an industrial chemical. (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol appears on the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory under CAS 137-32-6, where EPA names it 1-Butanol, 2-methyl-.
Active in US commerce
EPA designates this substance active, so no Notice of Activity Form B is required before manufacturing. What active and inactive mean.
EPA publishes no regulatory flags on this listing. What the flags mean.
From the EPA non-confidential TSCA Inventory, July 2026 release. EPA also maintains a confidential portion it does not publish. Search the Inventory by CAS number.
Odor and taste
Odor: Sweet, fruity, banana, apple, floral.
Where it is used
(+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol is used in beverage, confection, fruit flavors and baked goods, typically as a fruity note.
Structurally similar flavor ingredients
Flavor ingredients with a GRAS determination closest to (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol by structure. Whether one can replace it is a sensory and regulatory call; the reformulation tool works that through.
| Material | FEMA | Similarity | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Butyl alcohol | 2178 | 95% | In nature |
| 2-Methylbutylamine | 4241 | 93% | Not determined |
| 2-Pentanol | 3316 | 90% | In nature |
| 3-Methyl-2-butanol | 3703 | 85% | In nature |
| 3-Methyl-1-pentanol | 3762 | 85% | In nature |
More alcohols in this index
trans-2-Tridecenol · 3-Decanol · 2-Methyl-4-phenyl-2-butanol · 3-Methyl-1-pentanol · cis-3-Octen-1-ol · Heptyl alcohol
(+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol FAQ
Is (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol on the FEMA GRAS list?
It is. FEMA number 3998 covers (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol. It is also codified at 21 CFR 172.515.
What is the FEMA number for (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol?
The FEMA number for (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol is 3998 and its CAS registry number is 137-32-6. FEMA files it in the fruity flavor category.
Is (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol natural or artificial?
(+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol occurs in nature, so the label depends on the route: (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol won from a natural source by a physical, enzymatic or microbiological process is natural flavor in the United States, and synthesized (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol is artificial. In the EU and UK the natural claim likewise needs the natural route, while Mercosur and Mexico keep a third class, identical-to-natural, for the synthetic material.
Is (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol approved in the EU?
(+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol is on the EU Union List of flavouring substances as FL 02.076 (Annex I Part A) under Regulation 1334/2008.
Has JECFA evaluated (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol?
Yes. JECFA number 1199, evaluated at the 57th meeting in 2001. Conclusion: no safety concern at current levels of intake.
What is (+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol used for?
(+/-)-2-Methyl-1-butanol is described as sweet, fruity, banana, apple, floral. It shows up in beverage, confection, fruit flavors and baked goods.
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Sources and attribution. The identity and regulatory facts on this page are taken from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, a US government record, which lists this substance as 2-METHYL-1-BUTANOL under CAS 137-32-6 and carries its FEMA number, its JECFA flavor number. The inventory is searchable at FDA. FDA records its technical effect as flavoring agent or adjuvant.
A FEMA GRAS conclusion is reached by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States, and the FEMA number names that conclusion. FEMA publishes its own entry for this substance in the FEMA Flavor Library, which is the authoritative record of what the Panel decided and is worth reading alongside this page.
Ambrose Compliance is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by FEMA. FEMA and FEMA GRAS are used here as identifiers for a published regulatory determination, not as marks of any relationship between FEMA and Ambrose.
About this page. Facts come from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, the Code of Federal Regulations, the EPA TSCA Inventory, the EU Union List, JECFA and the Ambrose database, with FEMA's published determination cited where it applies; parts of the text are written by Ambrose AI, which can make mistakes. Check the cited source before relying on anything here. This is not regulatory or legal advice.