Flavor ingredient regulatory record
Diethyl succinate
Diethyl succinate is an ester in the fruity family, FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 2377 (CAS 123-25-1). Its odor is mild fruity, wine, rum.
- FEMA
- 2377
- CAS
- 123-25-1
- JECFA
- 617
- EU FL
- 09.444
- Formula
- C8H14O4
- EC
- 204-612-0
GRAS status: FEMA GRAS, publication 3. Recorded by FDA in the Substances Added to Food inventory under CAS 123-25-1.
Structure
Identity
Also known as: Butanedioic acid, 1,4-diethyl ester, Succinic acid, diethyl ester, Butanedioic acid, diethyl ester, Ethyl succinate, Clorius, Diethyl butanedioate, NSC 8875, Butandioic acid diethyl ester, DESU, 1,4-Diethyl butanedioate, Diethyl 1,2-ethanedicarboxylate, diethyl butanedioate.
Can Diethyl succinate be labeled natural?
Nature makes diethyl succinate, which is why the US label turns on process. A natural route gives natural flavor; synthesis gives artificial diethyl succinate, same molecule. The EU and UK grant the natural claim only to that natural route; Mercosur and Mexico call synthetic material identical-to-natural.
- United States
- Natural or artificial, by process
- European Union and UK
- Natural only from natural material
- Mercosur and Mexico
- Natural or identical-to-natural
How each market defines the classes: natural vs artificial flavor under 21 CFR 101.22.
Regulatory status, with citations
United States
Diethyl succinate is FEMA GRAS under FEMA number 2377. It is cited in the Code of Federal Regulations at 21 CFR 172.515.
European Union and United Kingdom
Listed on the Union List of flavouring substances as FL 09.444, Annex I Part A under Regulation (EC) 1334/2008, evaluation status approved (JECFA). The UK retains the same list.
JECFA (WHO / FAO)
JECFA number 617, evaluated at the 53rd meeting in 1999. No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
Other US flags
Not on the California Proposition 65 list.
TSCA Inventory status
A flavor ingredient is also an industrial chemical. Diethyl succinate appears on the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory under CAS 123-25-1, where EPA names it Butanedioic acid, 1,4-diethyl ester.
Active in US commerce
EPA designates this substance active, so no Notice of Activity Form B is required before manufacturing. What active and inactive mean.
EPA publishes no regulatory flags on this listing. What the flags mean.
From the EPA non-confidential TSCA Inventory, July 2026 release. EPA also maintains a confidential portion it does not publish. Search the Inventory by CAS number.
Odor and taste
Odor: Mild fruity, wine, rum.
Taste: Fruity, wine-like.
Where it is used
Diethyl succinate is used in wine, fruit and rum, typically as a fruity note.
Structurally similar flavor ingredients
Flavor ingredients with a GRAS determination closest to Diethyl succinate by structure. Whether one can replace it is a sensory and regulatory call; the reformulation tool works that through.
| Material | FEMA | Similarity | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diethyl tartrate | 2378 | 61% | In nature |
| Butyl levulinate | 2207 | 57% | In nature |
| Butyl butyryllactate | 2190 | 51% | In nature |
| Ethyl 3-(2-furyl)propanoate | 2435 | 42% | In nature |
More esters in this index
Dodecyl butyrate · 3-Oxotetradecanoic acid glyceride · Cinnamyl butyrate · mono-Menthyl succinate · Butyl anthranilate · Carvyl propionate
Diethyl succinate FAQ
Does diethyl succinate have FEMA GRAS status?
Diethyl succinate holds FEMA GRAS status under FEMA number 2377. The Code of Federal Regulations lists it at 21 CFR 172.515.
How do I cite diethyl succinate by FEMA or CAS number?
Cite diethyl succinate as FEMA 2377 or CAS 123-25-1; both point to the same entry. Its flavor category is fruity.
What does diethyl succinate smell and taste like, and where is it used?
The odor of diethyl succinate is mild fruity, wine, rum. On the palate it is fruity, wine-like. Typical uses are wine, fruit and rum.
What did JECFA conclude about diethyl succinate?
JECFA evaluated diethyl succinate at the 53rd meeting in 1999 under JECFA number 617. The panel concluded: No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent.
Can diethyl succinate be used in the EU and UK?
Yes. FL 09.444 is the Union List entry for diethyl succinate, annex I Part A, under Regulation 1334/2008, and the UK keeps the same list.
Can diethyl succinate be labeled a natural flavor?
The process decides for diethyl succinate. It occurs in nature, so a natural-source, natural-process material is natural flavor in the US and synthetic diethyl succinate is artificial. The EU and UK grant the natural claim only to that natural route; Mercosur and Mexico call synthetic material identical-to-natural.
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Sources and attribution. The identity and regulatory facts on this page are taken from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, a US government record, which lists this substance as DIETHYL SUCCINATE under CAS 123-25-1 and carries its FEMA number, its JECFA flavor number and its 21 CFR citations. The inventory is searchable at FDA. FDA records its technical effect as flavoring agent or adjuvant.
A FEMA GRAS conclusion is reached by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States, and the FEMA number names that conclusion. FEMA publishes its own entry for this substance in the FEMA Flavor Library, which is the authoritative record of what the Panel decided and is worth reading alongside this page.
Ambrose Compliance is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by FEMA. FEMA and FEMA GRAS are used here as identifiers for a published regulatory determination, not as marks of any relationship between FEMA and Ambrose.
About this page. Facts come from the FDA Substances Added to Food inventory, the Code of Federal Regulations, the EPA TSCA Inventory, the EU Union List, JECFA and the Ambrose database, with FEMA's published determination cited where it applies; parts of the text are written by Ambrose AI, which can make mistakes. Check the cited source before relying on anything here. This is not regulatory or legal advice.